我们研究联合的上下文线性匪徒，其中$ m $代理相互合作，在中央服务器的帮助下解决全球上下文线性匪徒问题。我们考虑了异步设置，所有代理商都独立工作，一个代理和服务器之间的通信不会触发其他代理的通信。我们提出了一种基于乐观原理的简单算法\ texttt {fedlinucb}。我们证明\ texttt {fedlinucb}的遗憾是由$ \ tilde {o}（d \ sqrt {\ sum_ {m = 1}^m t_m}）$界定的，通信复杂性是$ \ tilde {o}（o}（o}（o}（o}（o））dm^2）$，其中$ d $是上下文向量的尺寸，$ t_m $是与环境的交互总数，$ m $ -th代理。据我们所知，这是第一种可证明有效的算法，它允许联合上下文线性匪徒完全异步通信，同时获得与单一代理设置相同的遗憾保证。

我们研究了具有线性函数近似增强学习中的随机最短路径（SSP）问题，其中过渡内核表示为未知模型的线性混合物。我们将此类别的SSP问题称为线性混合物SSP。我们提出了一种具有Hoeffding-type置信度的新型算法，用于学习线性混合物SSP，可以获得$ \ tilde {\ Mathcal {o}}}}（d B _ {\ star}^{1.5} \ sqrt {k/c_ {k/c_ {k/c_ {k/c_ { \ min}}）$遗憾。这里$ k $是情节的数量，$ d $是混合模型中功能映射的维度，$ b _ {\ star} $限制了最佳策略的预期累积成本，$ c _ {\ min}>> 0 $是成本函数的下限。当$ c _ {\ min} = 0 $和$ \ tilde {\ mathcal {o}}}（k^{2/3}）$遗憾时，我们的算法也适用于情况。据我们所知，这是第一个具有sublrinear遗憾保证线性混合物SSP的算法。此外，我们设计了精致的伯恩斯坦型信心集并提出了改进的算法，该算法可实现$ \ tilde {\ Mathcal {o}}}（d b _ {\ star} \ sqrt {k/c/c/c {k/c _ {\ min}}） $遗憾。为了补充遗憾的上限，我们还证明了$ \ omega（db _ {\ star} \ sqrt {k}）$的下限。因此，我们的改进算法将下限匹配到$ 1/\ sqrt {c _ {\ min}} $ factor和poly-logarithmic因素，从而实现了近乎最佳的遗憾保证。

我们研究了用线性函数近似的加固学习中的违规评估（OPE）问题，旨在根据行为策略收集的脱机数据来估计目标策略的价值函数。我们建议纳入价值函数的方差信息以提高ope的样本效率。更具体地说，对于时间不均匀的epiSodic线性马尔可夫决策过程（MDP），我们提出了一种算法VA-OPE，它使用价值函数的估计方差重新重量拟合Q迭代中的Bellman残差。我们表明我们的算法达到了比最着名的结果绑定的更紧密的误差。我们还提供了行为政策与目标政策之间的分布转移的细粒度。广泛的数值实验证实了我们的理论。

本文探讨了可变参数化模型系列的线性回归的概括性损失，包括在参数化和过度参数化的模型中。我们表明，泛化曲线可以具有任意数量的峰值，而且可以明确地控制这些峰的位置。我们的结果突出了经典U形泛化曲线和最近观察到的双下降曲线的事实不是模型系列的内在特性。相反，它们的出现是由于数据的性质与学习算法的感应偏差之间的相互作用。

积极的愿景本质上是关注驱动的：代理商积极选择观点，以便快速实现视觉任务，同时改善所观察到的场景的内部表示。受到最近基于关注模型的成功基于单个RGB图像，我们建议使用注意力机制来解决基于多视图深度的主动对象识别，通过开发端到端的反复间3D注意力网络。该架构利用了经常性的神经网络（RNN）来存储和更新内部表示。我们的模型，使用3D形状数据集接受培训，能够迭代地参加定位识别它的感兴趣对象的最佳视图。为了实现3D视图选择，我们得出了一种3D空间变压器网络，可分行，以便利用BackProjagation培训，实现比最现有的基于关注的模型所采用的强化学习更快的收敛。实验表明，我们的方法仅具有深度输入，实现了最先进的下一系列性能，处于时间效率和识别准确性。

Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been revolutionized by the use of Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) such as BERT. Despite setting new records in nearly every NLP task, PLMs still face a number of challenges including poor interpretability, weak reasoning capability, and the need for a lot of expensive annotated data when applied to downstream tasks. By integrating external knowledge into PLMs, \textit{\underline{K}nowledge-\underline{E}nhanced \underline{P}re-trained \underline{L}anguage \underline{M}odels} (KEPLMs) have the potential to overcome the above-mentioned limitations. In this paper, we examine KEPLMs systematically through a series of studies. Specifically, we outline the common types and different formats of knowledge to be integrated into KEPLMs, detail the existing methods for building and evaluating KEPLMS, present the applications of KEPLMs in downstream tasks, and discuss the future research directions. Researchers will benefit from this survey by gaining a quick and comprehensive overview of the latest developments in this field.

We investigate response generation for multi-turn dialogue in generative-based chatbots. Existing generative models based on RNNs (Recurrent Neural Networks) usually employ the last hidden state to summarize the sequences, which makes models unable to capture the subtle variability observed in different dialogues and cannot distinguish the differences between dialogues that are similar in composition. In this paper, we propose a Pseudo-Variational Gated Recurrent Unit (PVGRU) component without posterior knowledge through introducing a recurrent summarizing variable into the GRU, which can aggregate the accumulated distribution variations of subsequences. PVGRU can perceive the subtle semantic variability through summarizing variables that are optimized by the devised distribution consistency and reconstruction objectives. In addition, we build a Pseudo-Variational Hierarchical Dialogue (PVHD) model based on PVGRU. Experimental results demonstrate that PVGRU can broadly improve the diversity and relevance of responses on two benchmark datasets.

Despite impressive success in many tasks, deep learning models are shown to rely on spurious features, which will catastrophically fail when generalized to out-of-distribution (OOD) data. Invariant Risk Minimization (IRM) is proposed to alleviate this issue by extracting domain-invariant features for OOD generalization. Nevertheless, recent work shows that IRM is only effective for a certain type of distribution shift (e.g., correlation shift) while it fails for other cases (e.g., diversity shift). Meanwhile, another thread of method, Adversarial Training (AT), has shown better domain transfer performance, suggesting that it has the potential to be an effective candidate for extracting domain-invariant features. This paper investigates this possibility by exploring the similarity between the IRM and AT objectives. Inspired by this connection, we propose Domainwise Adversarial Training (DAT), an AT-inspired method for alleviating distribution shift by domain-specific perturbations. Extensive experiments show that our proposed DAT can effectively remove domain-varying features and improve OOD generalization under both correlation shift and diversity shift.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

In many applications, heterogeneous treatment effects on a censored response variable are of primary interest, and it is natural to evaluate the effects at different quantiles (e.g., median). The large number of potential effect modifiers, the unknown structure of the treatment effects, and the presence of right censoring pose significant challenges. In this paper, we develop a hybrid forest approach called Hybrid Censored Quantile Regression Forest (HCQRF) to assess the heterogeneous effects varying with high-dimensional variables. The hybrid estimation approach takes advantage of the random forests and the censored quantile regression. We propose a doubly-weighted estimation procedure that consists of a redistribution-of-mass weight to handle censoring and an adaptive nearest neighbor weight derived from the forest to handle high-dimensional effect functions. We propose a variable importance decomposition to measure the impact of a variable on the treatment effect function. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate the efficacy and stability of HCQRF. The result of the simulation study also convinces us of the effectiveness of the variable importance decomposition. We apply HCQRF to a clinical trial of colorectal cancer. We achieve insightful estimations of the treatment effect and meaningful variable importance results. The result of the variable importance also confirms the necessity of the decomposition.